Human Metapneumovirus: A look at key HMPV symptoms, risks and prevention

Human Metapneumovirus: A look at key HMPV symptoms, risks and prevention

HMPV is particularly concerning for infants under one year old, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems

China has been grappling with a rise in Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases, a respiratory infection with flu-like symptoms. This surge follows five years after the COVID-19 pandemic, and reports suggest rapid spread. Social media posts and videos show overcrowded hospitals, with some suggesting the simultaneous circulation of multiple viruses, including HMPV, influenza A, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and COVID-19.

Following the surge in HMPV infections in China, Malaysia is also seeing a notable rise in cases, raising concerns about the spread of respiratory illnesses. Hong Kong has also reported instances, though the numbers remain low. Neighbouring countries, including Japan, are closely monitoring the situation. Japan, in particular, is already battling with a significant influenza outbreak, with 94,259 flu cases reported in the week leading up to December 15, 2024, according to the Japan Broadcasting Corporation.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that often causes mild to moderate flu-like symptoms. Most commonly, it circulates during the winter and early spring months, spreading primarily through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces.

Symptoms typically include a cough, fever, sore throat, and nasal congestion, with some cases also experiencing wheezing or shortness of breath. While the virus usually results in mild illness, certain individuals - especially the very young, elderly, or those with weakened immune systems - may develop more severe respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis.

Although HMPV shares similarities with other respiratory viruses like Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), measles, and mumps, it does not have a vaccine, and antiviral treatments are not available. In most cases, people recover with rest and hydration, but in more severe instances, hospitalization and supportive care, including oxygen therapy, may be required.

Common Symptoms of HMPV:

>> Cough >> Runny nose or nasal congestion >> Sore throat >> Fever

Severe symptoms may include:

>> Wheezing >> Difficulty breathing >> Hoarseness >> Pneumonia >> Aggravation of asthma in adults

HMPV is particularly concerning for infants under one year old, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems. Children under five are especially vulnerable, with 5-16 percent of cases potentially progressing to more severe lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia. For the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, symptoms may also be more severe.

Although HMPV can affect anyone, young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems are at the highest risk for complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasises that children under five, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems should take extra precautions during the winter and spring months when the virus is most prevalent.

HMPV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes, close contact, and contaminated surfaces. The virus has an incubation period of 3 to 6 days, with symptoms typically lasting for several days, depending on the severity of the illness.

To reduce the spread of HMPV, the CDC recommends the following preventive measures:

>> Handwashing: Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching potentially contaminated surfaces. 

>> Hand Sanitizer: If soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol to kill germs. 

>> Surface Cleaning: Disinfect high-touch surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, and mobile phones regularly.

 >> Stay Home When Sick: Individuals who feel unwell should stay home to prevent spreading the virus, especially to vulnerable individuals. 

>> Cough Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing. Dispose of tissues immediately and wash hands thoroughly. 

>> Avoid Close Contact: Maintain physical distance from people showing symptoms of illness and avoid shaking hands.

 >> Proper Ventilation: Ensure good ventilation in indoor spaces to help reduce airborne transmission of the virus.

On Monday, the Union Health Ministry confirmed the detection of two HMPV cases in Karnataka through routine surveillance. The ministry reassured the public by clarifying that HMPV is not a new virus and has been circulating globally, including in India, for several years. It also noted that there has been no significant increase in influenza-like illnesses across the country.